Decentralised

After the 1995 Kobe earthquake, residents of North Rokko used the participatory Machizukuri model to create alternative reconstruction plans, forming neighbourhood associations that strengthened community resilience and civic engagement.

Structured collaboration among stakeholders to enhance community resilience

Integrating people with disabilities into risk and disaster management.

Integrating local and scientific knowledge through observations, communication, and early warning

Platform centralising resources, exercises, and emergency preparedness support 

Community-based strategies to reduce wildfire risk

Community-led resilience model for improving wildfire preparedness and recovery

Hydrological monitoring, meteorological data, and community engagement to protect lives and property

integrated and anticipatory approach to multiple hazards, combining traditional knowledge and modern technology 

The Finnish comprehensive security model is a networked, whole-of-society framework that ensures societal resilience during crises through local responsibility, preparedness networks, exercises, and a culture of trust.